This section covers general information
about dextromethorphan, herein referred to as DXM. IUPAC chemical
names are in a sans serif font, in square brackets.
If you get nothing else out of this FAQ, let it be this: Remember that DXM is a powerful psychedelic which can be used safely, but must be used with care and respect for your own body and mind. DXM is not a safe drug, and it has not been well studied at recreational levels; whenever you use it you are taking a risk, possibly a big one. Please read and follow these basic guidelines:
Not everyone likes DXM, and your experiences with it may be very unpleasant. A very few have had such intense side effects from DXM that their first trip lands them in the hospital. DXM is not a quick and easy buzz, and getting good results with it can be hard, sometimes unpleasant work. | |
Do not use DXM on a constant or frequent basis! Like alcohol (and unlike marijuana), constant or frequent (more than once or twice a week) use may be dangerous. Although not everyone seems susceptible, a very few daily high-dose users may have seriously and permanently fried their brains. | |
Do not use DXM if you have a any of the following medical conditions: mental illness, epilepsy, seizures, liver or kidney disorders, hypertension, heart problems, or ulcers. | |
Do not use DXM if you are pregnant or nursing. All dissociatives adversely affect fetal development, and may lead to birth defects and mental retardation. | |
Because some people can have severely adverse reactions to DXM, never rush into a high dose. Instead, take no more than twice your last dose, and wait at least one week between doses. Yes, it may take you a month before you get to interesting territory, but that's better than ending up in the hospital. Yes it can happen to you! | |
Never exceed 20mg/kg (or 2000mg, whichever is lower) of DXM under any circumstances, and never exceed 15mg/kg (or 1500mg) unless you have a trip-sitter who is experienced and capable in the event of a medical emergency. | |
Because of the potential for allergic or other adverse reactions to inert ingredients, always try a low dose first when taking a DXM product (syrup, gelcap, capsule, whatever) you haven't taken before. | |
Never experiment with hallucinogens without a sober person around to help you in case you get into trouble. This goes doubly for DXM, which is much more likely to induce abnormal and dangerous behaviour than LSD. | |
NEVER, EVER, EVER drive under the influence of any intoxicating drug including DXM! | |
Never use a product containing acetaminophen (also called paracetamol or APAP, and known by the brand name TylenolTM). Large doses of acetaminophen can cause liver damage or death. Many cough syrups contain acetaminophen so always read the label. | |
Never take DXM with yohimbine (YoconTM)! To do so may be risking permanent brain damage! | |
Never take DXM if you are taking a monoamine oxidase inhibitor (MAOI). This also applies for one week before and two weeks after taking a MAOI. MAOIs include some (rarely used) prescription drugs for depression and Parkinson's disease, a few recreational ethnobotanicals (harmine and harmaline), and yohimbe bark. Mixing DXM and a MAOI has regularly been fatal. | |
Do not take DXM with phentermine, fenfluramine, or the combination (phen-fen), all of which are used as prescription diet pills. This combination can cause serotonin syndrome. | |
Never take DXM if you are taking, will take, or have taken within six weeks, the prescription antihistamine terfenadine (SeldaneTM), or any other prescription, non-drowsy antihistamine (e.g., ClaritinTM or HisminalTM). | |
Never take DXM with the SSRI antidepressants Desyrel (trazodone) or Serzone (nefazodone); these combinations have resulted in liver damage. | |
Be very careful combining DXM with SSRI and tricyclic antidepressants (i.e., those in common use), and never use DXM when taking more than one drug at a time for depression, due to the potential for serotonin syndrome. | |
Avoid all products containing DXM and other active ingredients. | |
Avoid BenylinTM brand products which seem to cause severe nausea. Avoid any product with castor oil. Avoid Coricidin Cough and ColdTM at upper plateau doses due to the potentially dangerous effects of antihistamine overdose. | |
Remember that DXM can sometimes trigger panic attacks in susceptible individuals, especially those inexperienced with DXM. This is a major cause (if not the major cause) of tachycardia (high heart rate) from DXM. All the more reason not to rush in to anything. | |
Always remember: recreational use of DXM is still a great unknown. The brain you are risking is your own. |
Dextromethorphan (decks-tro-meth-OR-fan), or DXM, is a cough suppressant found in over-the-counter medications. It has also been used recreationally for at least 30 years, without much harm or publicity. Although chemically related to opiates, its effects are closest to ketamine's. In addition to suppressing coughs, DXM is used medically for diagnostic purposes, and may be useful for a variety of conditions from seizures to heroin addiction. In the brain, DXM blocks the dopamine reuptake site, activates the sigma receptor, and blocks the open NMDA channel. (None of these effects are permanent). Occasional recreational use of DXM is probably safe, though side effects and risks have been noted (I hereby tell you not to use any recreational drug including DXM). Many cough medicines contain ingredients other than DXM; some, like acetaminophen (paracetamol) can be fatal when an overdose is taken. The commercial preparations which can be used recreationally are those containing DXM only In the USA this includes mostly "Maximum Strength" cough formulas and Drixoral Cough Liquid CapsTM, and generic equivalents. All should list ONLY dextromethorphan hydrobromide under active ingredients. Avoid Benylin DMTM. The above cough syrups have 3mg/ml (15mg per teaspoon), for 360mg per 4oz bottle and 720mg per 8oz bottle; the cough gelcaps have 30mg each. Preparations like Robitussin DMTM contain guaifenesin and may cause vomiting. Never take DXM with, or up to two weeks before or six weeks after, the prescription "non-drowsy" antihistamines (allergy medications) SeldaneTM, ClaritinTM, or HisminalTM. Never take DXM with, or up to two weeks before or three weeks after, a MAOI (Monoamine Oxidase Inhibitor) - certain drugs for depression; you will probably be told by your doctor if your drug is a MAOI (ProzacTM isn't). Never drive under the influence of DXM. Don't take DXM more than once or twice a week. Don't take DXM if you have a history of mental illness, panic attacks, seizures, liver, kidney, or heart disease. Some people react very badly to DXM; others don't experience anything at all, partly from inherited lack of an enzyme. ProzacTM blocks this enzyme and may lengthen or change the DXM trip. Recreational DXM use may be illegal. DXM may cause false positives on drug tests. DXM trips vary depending on dosage, and can be lumped into four very different plateaus, or types of trips, depending on the amount taken. Dosages are given in milligrams per kilogram, so multiply the figure by your mass in kg (or pounds divided by 2.2). The first plateau, 1.5 to 2.5 mg/kg, is like a slightly intoxicating stimulant; music and movement are often pleasurable. The second plateau, 2.5 to 7.5 mg/kg, is intoxicating, with a "stoning" a bit like that of nitrous oxide or marijuana; sounds and sights seem to be on strobe-effect ("flanging"), short-term memory is somewhat disrupted, and there are occasional mild hallucinations. The third plateau, at 7.5 to 15mg/kg, consists of strong intoxication, hallucinations, and overall disturbances in thinking, senses, and memory; third plateau trips can be unpleasant. The fourth plateau, above 15mg/kg, is similar to a sub-anesthetic dose of ketamine, with dissociation of the mind from the body, and may be dangerous physically and psychologically. Most recreational use of DXM happens at the first and second plateau. DXM starts to become toxic around 20 to 30mg/kg. While occasional recreational use of DXM is probably safe, some people react very badly to dissociatives, especially at high doses, and may panic. Frequent DXM use, like frequent alcohol use, is probably dangerous and should be avoided. Please be safe, sensible, and use your brain; it's the only one you'll ever have. | |||
From The Dextromethorphan FAQ: Answers to Frequently Asked Questions about DXM, v4.0, by William White ([email protected]). Available on Usenet rec.drugs.psychedelic and on the World Wide Web at Dextromethorphan hydrobromide is the water-soluble salt of dextromethorphan (DXM) and hydrobromic acid (that is, DXM hydrobromide is what you get when you react pure DXM with hydrobromic acid). DXM is a synthetic morphine analog, similar to levorphanol, but does not have any opiate-like effects. DXM has been in use in the USA for approximately 30 years, and has replaced codeine as an OTC cough suppressant (1-3). DXM has been popular as an "underground" recreational drug for at least 30 years (3). It is probably one of the few OTC medicines with any serious recreational use potential (ephedrine might also qualify). It is both extremely safe and very effective as a cough suppressant. DXM's IUPAC name is [(+)-cis-1,3,4,9,10,10a-hexahydro-6-methoxy- 11-methyl-2H-10,4a-iminoethanophenanthrene], and is also (and more commonly) known as 3-methoxy-17-methyl-(9alpha,13alpha,14alpha)-morphinan; CAS-125-71-3 (1). Note: the 3-methoxy and 17-methyl groups are pointed out for later notes. (Oh, just as a side note, I'm proud to say that for once I actually got the IUPAC name right all by myself - the Merck Index lists the same thing). The recreational use potential of DXM has not, in general, been well known, either by drug users or by physicians. Not too long ago, many physicians denied that dextromethorphan was psychoactive at all; whether this was out of ignorance or a desire to prevent recreational use, I do not know (probably the latter). At present, there is an increasing body of knowledge about DXM's potential for recreational use (and abuse) available in medical journals (3-7,132,136,139-141). DXM is unique among recreational drugs for several reasons. First, it is pharmacologically unlike most other recreational drugs (PCP and ketamine being its nearest relatives). Second, its effects can vary considerably from individual to individual. Finally, it can cause quite different effects at different dosage levels, ranging from mild euphoria to full dissociation.
4.3 What is Dextromethorphan Polistirex?
Dextromethorphan polistirex may be more toxic than the hydrobromide version, possibly due to buildup of DXM in the bloodstream (143).
4.4 What is Dextrorphan (DXO)?
The practical upshot is that the dissociative and intoxicating or "stoning" effects are stronger with DXO, whereas the stimulation, cognitive alterations, delusions, and psychotomimetic (literally, "psychosis-like") effects are stronger with DXM. Most DXM users find some balance between the two to be the most pleasurable. Too much sigma activity is usually regarded as dysphoric (strongly unpleasant) and disturbing, and if prolonged, may be dangerous (101,135). Fortunately, you don't have to worry about converting DXM to DXO; the body does it for you via an enzyme called P450-2D6 or CYP2D6 (also called debrisoquine 4-hydroxylase). However, between 5 to 10% of the Caucasian population lacks this enzyme (12-15), and in the rest of us it can vary. Many drugs can temporarily block P450-2D6 from working (10-11) and thus alter the balance between DXM and DXO. For a list of these drugs, see Section 15.1. One of DXM's metabolites, 3-methoxymorphinan, can itself block P450-2D6. As a consequence, taking a second dose some time after the first dose of DXM will probably increase the ratio of DXM to DXO in the bloodstream. Taking the dose all at once, on the other hand, will probably increase the relative amount of DXO. Generally, then, the quicker the dosing, the more DXO and less DXM, and the more NMDA blockade (like ketamine) and the less sigma and PCP2 activity. Subcutaneous injection leads to very little conversion from DXM to DXO. When discussing effects, this text usually uses "DXM" to refer to both dextromethorphan and its metabolite, DXO. A few people have used DXO specifically; one indicated that it did in fact have fewer cognitive effects than DXM.
4.5 Is DXM Enjoyable as a Recreational Drug?
DXM does not provide a simple high like marijuana, and it is not a substitute for other psychedelics. Many people will not enjoy it; before considering DXM, remember that you may hate the experience. If you are looking for a cheap buzz or a gentle ride, you probably won't like DXM.
4.6 Is DXM an Opiate?
In fact, DXM doesn't bind at any opiate receptors, doesn't have opiate painkilling effects, and isn't cross-tolerant with opiates. It is only out of sheer chance that when DXM was invented, its origins were among the opiates; DXM's cough suppressant effects are completely different in mechanism from the cough suppressant effects of opiates.
4.7 Does Everyone Like DXM?
Part of the problem is that not everyone gets the interesting sets of effects (see Section 5). To some, the DXM trip is just a moderate buzzing sensation and a feeling of being slightly drunk. So your mileage may vary. A few people really enjoy DXM, and use it weekly; a very few (less than 5% of those who like DXM) use it more than twice a week. Keep in mind that I have not assessed the error margin on these figures, and that they reflect a biased sample of the population. I hope to have more accurate figures after completing a survey of DXM users.
4.8 How Does One Obtain and Use DXM?
DXM is most commonly available in cough syrups, though some syrups contain other ingredients which can make you sick (or dead) if you take too much of them. It is also available in gelcaps and in some places in capsules, either alone or in combination with other ingredients. DXM can also be extracted from cough medicines, and the extract can be taken orally, injected subcutaneously, intraperitoneally, intramuscuarly, or intravenously. It can probably also be snorted or used rectally (though why one would want to I don't know). Smoking the free base is very difficult if not impossible. DXO (not DXM) free base can be smoked at 190 C (pers. comm.). Some drugstores keep track of people who frequently buy DXM-containing cough preparations, especially if they buy multiple bottles at once or tend not to buy other things at the same time. This is less common in larger supermarket/drug stores. In some cities where DXM use has become popular (and come to public attention), sales have been restricted to adults. In Utah in the 1980's, DXM was placed behind the counter due to recreational use. Finally, DXM is available from chemical suppliers, very few of which will sell to individuals. Hopefully I'll soon be finished with the "Find the DXM" page, which allows people to find out which DXM preparations are available in their areas. Don't hold your breath, though; I'm a sysadmin at a small ISP and that doesn't leave me with a lot of time.
4.8.1 Cough Syrups
Generally speaking, DXM cough syrups all taste nasty. This is for two reasons: to cover up the (even nastier) taste of DXM itself, and to prevent recreational use. The generics tend to be less thick, and thus more drinkable, than the brand names. Some people prefer to mix the DXM with sodas; others find this only makes an already unpleasant task even more unpleasant. Your Mileage May Vary. Most people who have used DXM cough syrups recreationally seem to prefer to take it on a mostly empty stomach, possibly with crackers or some other source of carbohydrates. I generally feel that you should avoid slamming your kidneys and pancreas with a lot of glucose at once; thus I think some crackers or chips beforehand would be advisable. Greasy food should be avoided both before and after taking DXM. Most people report that if carbonated drinks are ingested, they should be clear (e.g., 7-UpTM). The German company "Dr Rentschler" makes a cough syrup called "tuss hustenstiller saft".
4.8.2 Gelcaps
Recently, Drixoral Cough Liquid Caps have been getting harder and harder to find. The usual story from the drugstores is that they aren't very popular; my suspicion is that they are too popular. Look around, and you will probably be able to find them. There is a rumor going around that the "new" gelcaps have something in the coating that induces nausea, but I have found no evidence for this whatsoever. The ingredient list hasn't changed, and changing ingredients without making it public is strictly Absorption from the gelcaps takes some time, and can be sped up somewhat by cracking open each gelcap in your mouth before it is swallowed. Note, however, that the liquid inside is apt to spurt out, and it tastes bad. Really, really bad - sour and bitter and cloying all at once with a stickiness that won't go away. However, if you can stand it, you can become used to it after the first few gelcaps. You can also crack open the gelcaps and try to collect the liquid, but it tends to go everywhere. Some people have claimed that gelcap DXM "feels" different from cough syrup DXM. This may be pure placebo effect, or it may be a result of the slower absorption (and thus more DXM vs. DXO) of gelcaps. It is also possible that the "inactive" ingredients in cough syrup may affect the experience by altering blood glucose levels. Most seem to prefer the gelcap "feel".
4.8.3 Tablets and Capsules (including Coricidin)
Please let me know if you learn of any others. DXM pills typically contain 15 or 30 mg of DXM, but some (such as the Dr. Rentschler brand, tuss Hustenstiller retard Kapseln) contain 60mg of DXM. In the US, a new tablet brand, Coricidin Cough & Cold, is available. Containing 30mg DXM and 4mg chlorpheniramine maleate (an antihistame), these have become popular for lower plateau dosing, but can have extremely unpleasant anticholinergic side effects (drymouth, blurred vision, confusion, etc.) with higher doses. One person had to be hospitalized for vomiting blood and entering respiratory arrest after taking a high dose of Coricidin tablets. Even low doses often have unpleasant side effects and may be very confusing. At the lower plateaus, the chlorpheniramine does seem to alleviate the "Robo Itch" (see Section 6.1.3). The box is marked "suitable for people with high blood pressure" (Coricidin has other tablets available which are unsuitable for recreational use). Furthermore, many Coricidin seem to report that frequent use leads to increasingly severe nausea triggered by taking, or even looking at, the pills. Some people have been known to puke in the drugstore from seeing the box (one user reported that 30+ people he knows suffer from this). I have no idea why this would happen. Again, remember that the antihistamine in these tablets will change the character of the DXM trip (not necessarily in a good way), potentially increasing the degree confusion. Do not use this product except at first and second plateau dosage! An overdose of antihistamine, while not typically fatal, can be extremely unpleasant and has been reported to be a frequent cause of "bad trips" from Coricidin. Most DXM users have recommended not taking more than eight Coricidin tablets; some say not to use this product at all.
4.8.4 Lozenges
Since the inert ingredients present in these lozenges may cause nausea, some people have managed to get rid of most of them by placing the lozenges in a container of water and microwaving until fully dissolved, then filtering through a coffee filter, discarding the precipitate (solid), and drinking the liquid. Longer boiling seems to drive off the flavoring and menthol without affecting the DXM. Interesting side note: recently, in South Africa, cough lozenges containing an abnormally high amount of DXM were illegally diverted from disposal and resold, causing "moderately severe" toxicity in 24% of primary school pupils using these lozenges (369).
4.8.5 Pharmaceutical and Chemical Suppliers
In theory, it would be fantastically cheap and easy to order DXM this way; in practice, it's possibly difficult, and probably a Very Bad Idea. First off, most chemical companies are wary about selling to individuals (and if you're not a legal adult, forget it). Secondly, there's a significant chance that your order will be reported to the DEA, and although it's not technically illegal, if enough people do this, that may change very quickly. Still, though, if you have the (possibly foolish) courage to try, there's no reason why this shouldn't be a reasonable source. Just use your head. And don't mention the FAQ. Recently, a few chemical resale companies have popped up, relying upon the fact that many potentially useful chemicals can be sold legally to researchers (for which there doesn't seem to be a legal definition). Please remember that it is your responsibility to make sure that ordering and using DXM from a chemical supplier is legal in your area. Also, to my knowledge no chemical supplier (at least, none you're likely to run across) warrants its product for human consumption. Buyer beware! Currently I know of two companies selling DXM (other than Sigma and the like, which won't sell to individuals): Chemical Resale of Santa Barbara and WANMAN Enterprises.
4.8.5.1 Chemical Resale of Santa Barbara
4.8.5.2 WANMAN Enterprises
Current prices are 10g for $50, 100g for $300, and 1kg for $1000 (US dollars). Orders are shipped via private carrier (UPS, FedEx, etc). They have a special of 50g for $100 to readers of the FAQ (mention you saw them there). Certified check or money order should be made out to WANMAN Enterprises.
Their address:
4.8.5.3 Other
4.8.6 Extracted DXM
4.8.7 Injection and Other Routes
A few notes for those brave or stupid enough to still be interested. Intravenous (IV) and intramuscular (IM) injection both seem to produce similar results in animals, and IM injection is almost always safer. DXM can also be injected intraperitoneally (IP), but that evidently requires some skill. Subcutaneous (SC) injection ("skin popping") leads to slower absorption and a great increase in the amount of DXM relative to DXO. All injected drugs should be completely pure, dissolved in the appropriate physiological saline. In the case of SC (and possibly IM) injection, injecting too large a volume of material can lead to a sterile abscess. DXM can also theoretically be snorted although I don't generally think this is a very smart route; the nasal lining is very tender. DXM free base is probably too alkaline to try this with. It can also probably be used rectally, but somehow the thought of a cough syrup enema doesn't thrill me. Smoking DXM free base has been attempted several times by various people without much success. DXM itself seems to vaporize at a fairly high temperature, and is extremely harsh. To make matters worse, in typical DXM extractions, some of the flavoring agents end up surviving the extraction and they lend a definite unpleasant taste to the smoke. I have received one report of a successful DXM freebasing experiment. The person said that while it was nice to know it was possible, it was just too much trouble to be worth it. Another person reported making the attempt and suffering from a severe burning sensation in his lungs which ended up as an asthma attack.
4.9 What are Some Typical DXM-Containing Preparations?
4.10 How am I Supposed to Drink Cough Syrup?
Materials:
4.11 What Should I Know About Other Drug Ingredients?
4.11.1 Decongestants
These decongestants belong to a class of chemicals known as the phenethylamines; this class also includes methamphetamine, MDMA (ecstasy), MDA, etc., and tend to be DEA scheduled. Decongestants are not scheduled by the DEA (this is USA laws) because they do not have significant psychostimulant activity. Ephedrine, which is similar to pseudoephedrine, and is (or was, depending on your state) available throughout truck stops and mail-order pharmaceutical companies in the USA, does have mild stimulant properties; thus its popularity as a form of "legal speed". All of these drugs stimulate the sympathetic nervous system (the "fight or flight" system) and are thus called sympathomimetics. What nasal decongestants do share with the more potent amphetamines is the peripheral activity common to sympathomimetics, such as vasoconstriction (constriction of blood vessels) and decreased nasal secretions (the good side), and - with larger doses - insomnia, hypertension, heart rhythm abnormalities, hemorrhaging, stroke, or death (the bad side) (8). Note that these are extreme reactions, and that individual tolerance to sympathomimetics tends to vary considerably. Tolerance can build quickly, and a fatal dose for one person may have only a mild effect on another person. Because of the potential danger of hypertension, exceeding the recommended dose of DXM and decongestant containing preparations may be asking for trouble. Most people can probably handle it in smaller recreational doses, but the peripheral "speediness" can be distinctly unpleasant. Anyone with high blood pressure or the like has no business taking large quantities of decongestants. Finally, more recent research suggests that many of DXM's potentially disturbing side effects (see Section 6) might be potentiated by any stimulant. Panic attacks, hyperthermia, hypertensive crisis, and the like are notable examples. In extreme cases, stroke or brain hemorrhage may be possible. Conclusion: Possibly suitable for first plateau use only; otherwise avoid these drugs!
4.11.2 Antihistamines
High doses of antihistamines can result in dizziness, impairment of concentration, extreme sedation (or, paradoxically, insomnia), headache, heart palpitations, dry mouth, gastric discomfort, delusions, and abnormally high blood pressure. Doses of 30-60mg/kg have been fatal in very young children; most adults, however, are very unlikely to overdose on antihistamines. Death, when it does occur, is from cardiovascular collapse or respiratory arrest (8). High doses of prescription antihistamines are much more dangerous; do not mix DXM with prescription antihistamines! The danger of an antihistamine overdose is very low when using a DXM-containing product recreationally. However, you will most likely experience some unpleasant symptoms, such as sleepiness, dry mouth, heart palpitations, etc. These side effects increase as the dosage increases. A very small amount of antihistamines might be useful in preventing DXM-induced histamine release. Conclusion: Traditional antihistamines may be suitable for first and second plateau dosage levels, but should not be used at the upper plateaus. NEVER use DXM with prescription, non-drowsy antihistamines!
4.11.3 Guaifenesin
High doses of guaifenesin tend to induce emesis (i.e., you puke). Other effects from high guaifenesin doses are not well known, but probably not serious. Some suggest that guaifenesin may act as a muscle relaxant at high doses (an effect for which it is used in veterinary medicine). Conclusion: as most people do not enjoy vomiting, I would recommend avoiding guaifenesin-containing products.
4.11.4 Analgesics, Acetaminophen/Paracetamol
An acetaminophen overdose is very dangerous. Normally, acetaminophen is metabolized (broken down) in the body by two separate pathways, both of which lead to harmless metabolites. However, these two pathways can only handle so much before saturating. At that point, the remaining acetaminophen is metabolized by a cytochrome P450 liver enzyme. The metabolite via the P450 pathway is toxic to the liver (2,8). Furthermore, this doesn't happen right away; it can take 16 hours before any signs of liver damage show up. This delayed toxic effect has been responsible for the rather painful deaths of some people who (accidentally or not) overdose on acetaminophen, and then think they are fine when no immediate problems occur. There is an antidote (acetylcystine), but it must be administered within the first 12 to 16 hours. The toxic dose of acetaminophen can be as low as 50mg/kg; for a 60kg person this is only six acetaminophen tablets. This is unlikely but possible. DO NOT UNDER ANY CIRCUMSTANCES USE RECREATIONALLY ANY DXM PRODUCT WHICH ALSO CONTAINS ACETAMINOPHEN / PARACETAMOL! As for aspirin and ibuprofen, the other two most common OTC painkillers, both tend to irritate the stomach at high doses. I recommend against them, especially if you have an irritable stomach. Never take large doses of aspirin or ibuprofen if you have an ulcer. Conclusion: avoid any product containing an analgeisc.
4.11.5 Alcohol
4.11.6 Food Coloring and Dyes
4.11.7 Bromide Ions
4.11.8 Other "Inactive" Ingredients
Thickening agents don't generally cause problems other than nausea. Occasionally people will look on cough syrup labels and see propylene glycol or polyethylene glycol, and (thinking about ethylene glycol, i.e., antifreeze) worry about toxicity. Propylene glycol is not toxic, even though ethylene glycol is. The same goes for polyethylene glycol (PEG) - it's also nontoxic. About the worst you will get from any of these is an upset stomach. One general note - keep in mind that your body does eventually have to use or excrete whatever you eat and drink. Drinking huge amounts of sugars and thickening agents can put a fair amount of load on the pancreas and kidneys and should definitely be avoided if you have kidney problems already. There is anecdotal evidence that regular high-dose use of DXM cough syrups (without eating much) has led to kidney damage due to the glucose load (though I suspect rhabdoymolysis may be the cause -- see Section 6.2.7. I cannot confirm this but I can't disprove it either. I've also heard of people having blood sugar problems after repeated use of DXM cough syrups, but again I can't verify this.
4.12 Why are So Many DXM Preparations in Liquid Form?
Cough preparations are in liquid form for two reasons. First and foremost, most people have the (mistaken) belief that in order for a cough suppressant formula to work, it must coat the throat. While this may be true for local anaesthetics, in the case of DXM (or codeine for that matter), it's complete bunk. If consumers were a bit smarter, maybe we wouldn't have to gag down cough syrup. There are, in fact, gel-capsule cough suppressants on the market, and I expect that tablet or capsule dextromethorphan will eventually be more common. Second, tablet-form DXM preparations have been kept from the market in an attempt to prevent their recreational use. RomilarTM tablets used to be available in the US, but were removed from the market due to concerns about their abuse. Other DXM formulas have been reduced in strength, or combined with other ingredients, in an attempt to prevent or reduce recreational use potential.
4.13 Is Recreational Use of DXM Illegal?
Furthermore, suggesting to someone that they use DXM as a recreational drug could also be violating a law - against prescribing drugs as a layperson. Again, it's not likely to happen, but it is possible. DXM is a prescription drug in Sweden (9). It is prescription and scheduled in Australia unless combined with other active ingredients. It may become prescription in other countries. In drug stores in some areas it is kept behind the counter, must be requested, and is only sold to adults.
4.14 If DXM is Legal Why Isn't Everyone Doing It?
Secondly, doing DXM is either disgusting or a time-consuming process for most people. Cough syrup tastes bad, and is unpleasant to drink; even the gelcaps become unpleasant to take after a few times due to their rather large size. DXM can of course be extracted, but it is a time-consuming process that requires enough effort to discourage those only casually interested. Third, DXM is to a certain extent "anti-addictive", at least when used occasionally. Because DXM blocks NMDA receptors (see Section 9 and Section 10.3), it prevents associating any pleasant effects of the drug with the taking of the drug. Instead, the memories of taking the drug are associated with sensations before the DXM kicks in, e.g., nausea. Fourth, DXM trips can be extremely confusing, especially if the user doesn't have experience with psychedelics. The DXM trip is so unlike an LSD or mushroom trip that people who take it expecting the latter are often discouraged and do not repeat the experience. Finally, DXM has a reputation as a "loser drug", something people take when nothing else is available. While it's true that DXM is legal, and thus can in fact be taken when nothing else is available, this doesn't make it any less powerful (or any safer) than illegal drugs.
4.15 New Medical Uses for DXM
4.15.1 Diagnostic Uses
Since many drugs become toxic at high doses, it is important to give the proper amount to those people who will metabolize it differently than the normal population. DXM is used to test metabolism by CYP2D6. The patient is given a specific amount of DXM, and then the relative concentrations of DXM and its metabolites are determined. Some recent research suggests that susceptibility to lung cancer may be related to P450 variant, and DXM may be an effective diagnostic tool for predicting lung cancer susceptibility (376).
4.15.2 Neuroprotectant Uses
In the case of infection (and in particular poliomyelitis), it has been demonstrated that the damage to the CNS often occurs not from the infection, but from the body's own defenses, and notably from a chemical called quinolinic acid (a metabolite of tryptophan) (30,31). Quinolinic acid is a very potent agonist (activator) at excitatory amino acid receptors, of which NMDA is one type; DXM prevents quinolinic acid from activating NMDA receptors. (Incidentally, the function of quinolinic acid - if it has any - is not currently known; it may be involved in the immune response). As for physical trauma, hypoxia, seizure, stroke, etc., there are several experiments which indicate that the majority of the damage again comes from excitotoxicity at excitatory amino acid receptors. While DXM has shown somewhat less success there (possibly due to other factors being involved), it still has potential. DXM is currently being evaluated as an anticonvulsant (32,33). The animal data are somewhat conflicting, but the most accurate model of epileptic seizures (called kindling) responds well to DXM. Preliminary studies in humans indicates that even very low levels of DXM may help prevent seizures. This effect is not, as was originally thought, due to NMDA receptors; instead, it is probably due to sigma receptors or voltage-gated ion channels (32). Interestingly, DXM produces different side-effects in kindled (seizure-susceptible) animals than in non-kindled animals (this may be due to uncoupling of NMDA receptors). It is possible that humans susceptible to seizure may experience different effects from recreational DXM use.
4.15.3 DXM for Chronic Pain
4.15.4 DXM for Drug Addiction
Dissociatives have also been found to reverse or prevent tolerance to cocaine (247), nicotine (249), and alcohol (232), and some researchers have suggested that DXM (and other NMDA antagonists) may be universally useful in most if not all drug addictions.
4.15.5 DXM for Disease and Miscellaneous Conditions
Some chronic neurodegenerative diseases may be treatable with DXM. Notable among these include ALS (Lou Gehrig's Disease) (168), although more recent research seems to show that DXM may not be a useful treatment for ALS (363). Even "Mad Cow" disease (and other prion diseases) may respond to treatment with DXM (362). DXM has also been used to treat mental retardation (35), and Parkinson's disease (36). DXM may even have be useful in treating lung and other cancers (38) and preventing tissue rejection in transplants (263) due to the (poorly understood) effects of sigma ligands on tumor cells and the immune system (see Section 10.2). Some papers have suggested that dissociatives have antidepressant effects (208,212,223,245,250), while others dispute this (225,229). Finally, the dissociative qualities of DXM may be of use; ketamine has been used to calm children in order to perform genital exam in cases of suspected sexual abuse (184-186).
4.16 Drug Interactions
4.16.1 Fatal or Dangerous Interactions
Fluoxetine (ProzacTM) is a cytochrome P450-2D6 inhibitor (39) and will change the characteristics of a DXM trip somewhat, increasing the ratio of DXM to DXO. Other P450-2D6 inhibiting drugs, which include many antidepressants, will probably do the same; see Section 15.1. The duration of the trip may be greatly extended by P450-2D6 inhibitors; some users have reported effects lasting 12 to 24 hours past the normal duration. The potency of DXM may also be enhanced via other mechanisms by fluoxetine (40). Combining DXM with the antidepressants Desyrel (trazodone) or Serzone (nefazodone) has been reported to cause liver damage! One user reported that combining DXM with bupropion (Wellbutrin[tm]) resulted in a prolonged (3+ day) hangover and an increase in adverse side effects. Fluoxetine and other SSRI antidepressants, as well as tricyclics and lithium (and of course MAOIs) may interact with DXM to cause serotonin syndrome (see Section 6.2.9). This condition, although rarely fatal, is not terribly pleasant. Vascular disease may increase the chance for serotonin syndrome with DXM + antidepressants (364), and other disease conditions may do so as well. Some DXM users who have taken DXM while on antidepressants have reported unpleasant reactions that sound a lot like serotonin syndrome, so you might want to watch out. Some of the symptoms of serotonin syndrome include muscle rigidity, confusion, diarrhea, incoordination, low-grade fever, sweating, muscle tremor, mania, agitation, exaggerated reflexes, and nausea. Do not take DXM with the diet drugs phentermine, fenfluramine, or phen-fen; this combination can also cause serotonin syndrome. DXM should not be taken (recreationally or at normal dosage levels) with the prescription antihistamine terfenadine (SeldaneTM). This combination has been fatal (41). Terfenadine has been implicated in other drug interactions, incidentally. The reason for this interaction seems to be that terfenadine, which is normally metabolized by a P450 enzyme, induces heart irregularities when it builds up. DXM may saturate the P450 enzymes that normally metabolize terfenadine. Incidentally, this probably applies to other non-drowsy antihistamines, such as ClaritinTM and HisminalTM as well; avoid combining them with DXM. Some people find that nicotine (cigarettes) causes severe nausea when combined with DXM. Others have noticed a general increase in physical discomfort and "bad trips" from combining the two. Some research has suggested that cigarette smoke inhibits monoamine oxidase (378,379) in which case cigarettes could greatly increase the chance of unpleasant side effects.
4.16.2 Beneficial Drug Interactions
4.16.3 Recreational Drug Interactions
Dissociatives may block the depletion of 5HT (serotonin) caused by MDMA (ecstasy) (241). However, there is also the potential for hypertensive problems, so I wouldn't advise this combination. Methamphetamine produces vacuolation of neuron terminals due to a collapsed vesicular proton gradient (181) (translated into English, this means that speed damages brain cells by breaking open the little bubbles of neurotransmitters inside the cells). However, dizocilpine (and presumably other dissociatives) may prevent this (219). It also seems to block methamphetamine induced 5HT depletion (241). Antidepressants and dissociatives seem to interact as well, not necessarily in a good way. Both desipramine and dissociatives increase prefrontal lobe dopamine activity; the combination is highly synergistic (277). Even worse, dissociatives may actually reverse the antidepressant effect (229). Dizocilpine reduces 5HT2 receptor density (212), and increases 5HT binding in the hippocampus and striatum (252). On the other hand, one paper found that dizocilpine helped antidepressants in some tests (245,250). Finally, dissociatives block tolerance to many drugs, including alcohol (232), cocaine (247), nicotine (249), and morphine (248).
4.17 General Warnings
Of the people I've interviewed who have used DXM regularly, about 1% have reported long-term cognitive impairment (although some of these people were continuing to use DXM when they reported it, so it may have been due to chronic intoxication rather than any permanent damage). Everyone who did report impairment were very heavy users, i.e.,
Like other psychoactive drugs, DXM should not be used by people who are mentally or emotionally unstable. I tend to believe that NO recreational drug (legal or not) should be used unless the user is in a calm, rational mood, free from anxiety or negative emotions, and is in a controlled setting where s/he will not have to drive. Speaking of which, as DXM is an intoxicating drug, don't drive under the influence. Ever. But I shouldn't have to tell you that, right? High doses of DXM can be very dissociative. While this is not necessarily bad, you should know what you are getting into first. A high-dose DXM trip is not like an LSD trip; it more closely resembles ketamine. You will most likely encounter experiences that you didn't expect, and possibly didn't want. While this is OK for the more committed psychonaut, casual users of hallucinogens might want to think twice before taking a high dose. Prolonged use of DXM, or extended doses of DXM (including the polistirex formulation), may cause problems due to the buildup of DXM (as opposed to DXO), and the resulting activity at sigma receptors (see Section 10.2). Sigma receptors seem to have a potent modulatory role on neurons, possibly inducing permanent or semi-permanent changes when they are activated for long periods of time (most studies so far indicate over 3 days of high DXM concentrations are required before such changes occur). Furthermore, sigma activity seems to be correlated with delusional thinking, which should probably be avoided, especially in the inexperienced. Some people are allergic to tartrazine (FD&C Yellow #5), which is present in several cough syrups. Sensitivity to tartrazine is rare, but is frequent in people sensitive to aspirin. Avoid tartrazine if you are, or think you might be, allergic to it or to aspirin. Note that, based on anecdotal evidence, I believe that sensitivity to other dyes may develop from chronic use. The large amount of glycerine, glucose syrup, and sugars present in cough syrups can give some people problems ranging from stomach ache to sugar shock. Obviously anyone with diabetes or a family history of blood sugar problems should avoid cough syrups.
4.18 What About Other Cough Suppressants?
4.18.1 Noscapine
4.18.2 Opiates
The recreational effects of opiates are fairly well known, and are in any case beyond the scope of the DXM FAQ.
4.18.3 Topical Anaesthetics
4.18.4 Can DXM be Detected on Drug Tests?
So keep this in mind before using DXM if you have to take a drug test. If worse comes to worse, you can always claim you had a bad cold, and ask them to do a test which will discriminate between opiates and DXM. Good luck!
|